To determine the frequency of alternating current using a sonometer e set up for finding frequency of ac mains using a sonometer. To determine the frequency of ac mains with the help of sonometer 8. Refractive index of the material of the given prism 1. It consists of the frequency is calculated using the. On the wooden rectangular box there are two bridges and a pulley at one end. Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire. I am really struggling with getting my head around the results and the questions i have to answer. In this experiment a small current, produced by a signal generator, causes. Why is tension needed to make a wire vibrate while.
However, one can convert to dc and then regenerate an ac at the desired frequency with some, perhaps insignificant loss. Ac212 sap pdf sap ag ac migration implementation of new gl project sap strongly recommends that you implement the new gl and use it. The sonometer the resonant string and timbre change after. How to measure the ac source frequency using sonometer and.
This is why ac electric wall clocks keep exceptionally good time. Jan 29, 2012 homework statement there is this experiment regarding the frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and i found a slight confusion with the formula. The electricity suppliers monitor the mains frequency constantly and aim to keep it within the allowed tolerances. Theory let the alternating current have frequency v so that the frequency of all precautions of sonometer experiment should be observed. Sonometer with nonmagnetic wire, two bar magnets, stepdown transformer of 68 volts, a set of weights, a screw guage and a meter scale. Sonometer with nonmagnetic wire nichrome, ammeter, step down transformer 2 10 volts, key, horse shoe magnet, wooden stand for mounting the magnet, set of 50 gm masses, screw gauge and meter scale fitted with the sonometer. The experiment is repeated by changing the value of n and m.
In the experiment an electromagnet was vibrating the string. To determine frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and a magnet. Ap physics experiment law of strings purpose to determine the relationship between frequency, tension, and string length. Frequency hz distance to node m distance to node m distance to node m calculations. Theory let the alternating current have frequency v.
The output, vt, as a function of time, t, can be represented by the following mathematical. Timing devices based on synchronous motors are inherently resistant to high frequency interference. Circuits laboratory experiment 3 ac circuit analysis. To determine the frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and an electromagnet. The experiment uses a pasco sonometer to measure how normal mode frequencies of metal. To perform this experiment usually a sonometer is used in which an electromagnet is fitted in the middle. In fact, for some time, ps audio offered a device, for the highend audio community that regenerated the ac supply with the option of changing the frequency.
To find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer. However in case of smps with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. Basically a sonometer is a device based on the principle of resonance. Apparatus and material required a sonometer with a soft iron wire stretched over it, an electromagnet, a stepdown transformer, slotted 12 kg weights hanger, a physical balance, two sharp edge wedges and a weight box. When the tension and length of the vibrating column is kept constant, the frequency of vibration of a stretched string is inversely proportional to square root of its linear density. In this project, i explain how to measure the ac mains frequency using sonometer and electromagnet in the lab. The frequency of the wire between the bridges becomes less than that of a. Place the sonometer near the end of the laboratory table so that the weight hanger attached to the wire hangs freely. Use the above equations to derive a relationship between the frequency of the fundamental mode n1 and l. To find the moment of inertia of a flywheel about its axis of rotation. Using a wire length of approximately 30cm measure the vibrational frequency of the wire for a range of tensions. The unregulated dc voltage across the capacitor is then fed to a high frequency. Physics laboratory manual department of physics, bit mesra page 1 experimets no. If the frequency cannot be read with reasonable accuracy from the signal generator, use a multimeter with a suitable frequency scale.
To determine the frequency of alternating current using a. Description a pasco sonometer which is also called a monochord was used with a detector coil, along with a voltage sensor, bnc to double. Aug, 2010 how to find the frequency of ac mains by using electric vibrator. Apparatus and material required a sonometer with a soft iron wire stretched over it, an electromagnet, a stepdown transfor mer, slotted 12 kg weights hanger, a physical balance, two sharp edge wedges and a weight box. Assuming the number of lines per unit metre of the grating, determine the wavelength of green, blue and yellow lines of mercury spectrum. To determine the frequency of alternating current using a sonometer. Apparatus a sonometer with soft iron wire, a set of eight tuning forks. The group i was working with in the lab didnt give me chance to help out and didnt seem keen. It consists of the frequency is calculated using the equation. A spherometer is an instrument used for measuring very small distances. Basically the frequency f of a stretched string depends upon the length of the string l, the tension t, and the mass per unit length m.
If kinetic energy is applied to an object at a rate that matches its natural frequency, resonance occurs and the object vibrates. Hence find the mass per unit length, m for the wire. A sonometer is used to determine the frequency of alternating current. After completing this experiment, you will be able to use the oscilloscope to measure unknown. A change in the mains frequency has negative effects in some of the appliances. Frequency measurement is very important in many applications of alternating current, especially in ac power systems designed to run efficiently at one frequency and one frequency only. We did an experiment of measuring ac mains frequency using sonometer.
The linear density of the wire, m, can be calculated using the relation, m. An important electrical quantity with no equivalent in dc circuits is frequency. Accurate measurement of the mains electricity frequency. Sonometer with nonmagnetic wire nichrome, ammeter, step down transformer 210 volts, key, horse shoe magnet, wooden stand for mounting the magnet, set of 50 gm masses. The frequency of the wire between the bridges becomes equal to that of a.
The easiest way to do this is send the output of the sonometer detectorsensor into the preamp and then record its output with audition. When the rate of movement due to the current matches the fundamental frequency of the wire, resonance occurs causing noticeable vibration. Physics experiments sound in the matter of physics, the first lessons should contain. How to determine frequency of an ac generator alternator.
To determine the frequency of alternating current using a sonometer and an electromagnet. Aug 01, 2012 to determine frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and a magnet. Physics lab manual ncert solutions class 12 physics sample papers. Experiment sonometer ap ap physics experiment law of. Physics laboratory manual birla institute of technology. By increasing the tension on wire, repeat the experiment for 3 or 4 different tensions. This makes unnecessary a frequency generator, leading to low cost of the equipment and giving a possibility to use multiple setups in a class. The sonometer the resonant string and timbre change. To determine the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular coil. By knowing the linear density, m, of the wire, the frequency of a.
I know of no electric appliance that cares if the frequency is 59 hz or 60 hz or 61 hz. Spherometer and glass plate description of the instrument. Experiment to measure the fluctuation of mains voltage and. Frequency 7 using equation 6 and 7 we can calculate the frequency of electrically maintained tuning fork in two different modes of vibration. Dependence of the fundamental frequency on tension use the above equations to derive a relationship between the frequency of the fundamental mode n1 and l, and t. In normal operation of a mains supply system, there will always be some content at frequencies other than the fundamental, and so circuits using the ac as a clock may in any case incorporate some filtering to reject such interference. Frequency of ac alternating current using sonometer. Experiment 7 ac voltages, frequency and the use of the oscilloscope objective. Fang, 2007 we use a fixed frequency of the mains voltage and a magnet to excite the wave, which makes our setup very cheap and easy to multiply. Link of pdf of practical file of this experiment link of pdf of practical file of g by bar pendulum experiment.
It is used to verify the laws of vibration of stretched string and also to determine the frequency of a tuning fork. There are several possible sonometer experiments e. If this current is alternating, as in the mains supply, the wire will vibrate, the fundamental resonant frequency of vibration being equal to the frequency of the mains supply. When the frequency of the applied force is equal to the na. To send the output of the sonometer into the preamp you need to use an adaptor that has one end a bnc and the other end a. To determine the frequency of ac mains with the help of sonometer.
One of the simplest and safest ways to measure mains voltages is to use a simple plug in the wall power block to drop the mains voltage to a safer level. Experiment 7 ac voltages, frequency and the use of the. Step down transformer working formula the frequency of a. A sonometer is an apparatus used to study the transverse vibrations of stretched strings. A sonometer demonstrates the relationship between the frequency of the sound produced by a plucked string, and the tension, length and mass per unit length of the string.
Physics laboratory manual department of physics, bit, mesra, offcampus deoghar 9 experiment no. Electromagnet a step down transformer220v to 6v or 12 v hanger with slotted weights of 500g each meter rod two wedges formula used. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 2709 times. Untie the wire of the sonometer from its peg and find its mass in a physical balance. To record you will need to adjust the preamp amplification. Record the frequency of the tuning fork, and the distance from each node to the open end of the tube. Aim to find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer. Experiment aim to determine the frequency of alternating current using a sonometer and an electromagnet. Frequency of ac mains using sonometer experiment by non magnetic wire 7557642 1. A step down transformer is used for the determination of frequency of a. In transverse drive mode the string follows the motion of the tuning fork, up and down, once. Superimposing frequencies on mains ac all about circuits. Measure the frequency of the standing wave using the oscilloscope.
The step down transformer reduces this voltage to 6 volts. The mains voltage has to be dropped to 4 volts leaves room for the voltage fluctuations. Why horseshoe magnet is used in sonometer experiment. Frequency and phase measurement ac metering circuits. Frequency of ac mains using sonometer experiment pdf an a. Objective the purpose of this experiment is to measure how normal mode frequencies of metal wires fixed at both ends vary with length, mode number, tension, and mass per unit length of the wires using a sonometer. Given below is a link to the chemistry practicals for class 12 cbse.
Measure the pitch or the frequency of the fundamental mode. To determine the thickness of a glass plate using spherometer apparatus required. Sonometer with nonmagnetic wire brass wire stretched over it, stepdown transformer of 68 volts, horse shoe magnet, meter scale, screw gauge and 250gm weights. Homework statement there is this experiment regarding the frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and i found a slight confusion with the formula.
C mains is determined by formula for fundamental frequency of stretched string which is given by. Jun 26, 2010 we did an experiment of measuring ac mains frequency using sonometer. C sonometer is an apparatus by which the transverse vibrations of strings can be studied. Circuits laboratory experiment 3 ac circuit analysis 3.
We adjusted the length of the string so that the amplitude is maximum. The main advantage of the proposed approach to this wellknown experiment is the usage of a fixed mains frequency and geometrical adjustment of the resonance, instead of a variable frequency. To determine frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and a. In this experiment a small current, produced by a signal generator, causes the sonometer wire to move up and down due to interaction with the magnetic field of a ushaped magnet. Last revised on september 21, 2016 experiment 11 velocity of waves 5.
Adjust the grating for normal incidence method using the spectrometer. Power amplifier wci6550 or ci6565 computer interface 4. We did a 3 part experiment last week using a sonometer and i have to write a lab report for it. Feb 02, 2016 basically a sonometer is a device based on the principle of resonance. Its time for the board examinations and everybody wants to complete their practical, so i just uploaded my whole practical work. Stretch the heavier of the two wires on the sonometer with a load of approximately 1kg if available. To determine the refractive index of the material of a prism using spectrometer and a sodium lamp.
If a current is passed through a wire in a magnetic field then the wire will move. To determine the frequency of ac mains using a sonometer. First, the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electric energy occur under essentially sinusoidal steadystate conditions. Measure and record the mass m in kg of the sonometer wire. Laws of transverse vibration of string using a sonometer. These relationships are usually called mersennes law after marin mersenne 15881648, who investigated and codified them. To determine frequency of ac mains using a sonometer and a magnet duration. To find the frequency of the alternating current ac mains using a sonometer wire. To determine the value of the horizontal component of the magnetic induction of the earths magnetic field, using a tangent galvanometer. Experiment 7 to find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer. If you keep more current heat is generated and if we keep less than 1amp the wire vibrates with less amplitude.
Connect the primary of the step down transformer to a. To determine the frequency of ac by using sonometer. Download rajasthan board class 12 physics syllabus byjus. It is in the form of a hollow wooden rectangular box. This has the advantage that it provides electrical isolation from the dangerous mains voltage. Feb 18, 2018 learn to obtain ac current frequency with the help of sonometer. For example, the speed of ac synchronous motors depend upon the supply frequency, and any appliance such as a turntable using. Place the sonometer wire between the poles of the umagnet, positioned midway.
After recording you can measure the frequency of the fundamental mode using the frequency analysis window. A sonometer with a soft iron wire stretched over it, an electromagnet. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current ohms law. To find out the frequency of ac mains using a sonometer.
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